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Bourne & Shepherd established in 1863,〔''Macmillan Biographical Encyclopedia of Photographic Artists & Innovators'', by Turner Browne, Elaine Partnow. Published by Macmillan, 1983. ISBN 0-02-517500-9. ''Page 70''.〕〔(Photographs of India. circa 1862 - circa 1872 - Samuel Bourne Biography ) ''Cambridge University Library''.〕〔(Samuel Bourne, not only set up a studio in Simla in 1863 ) ''The Telegraph'', September 23, 2006.〕 is the oldest photographic studio still in operation, and one of the oldest established photographic businesses in the world.〔(Bourne & Shepherd (floruit 1865-) ) ''National Portrait Gallery'', London〕 At its peak it was the most successful commercial firm in 19th-and early 20th-century India,〔''Camera Portraits: Photographs from the National Portrait Gallery 1839-1989'', by National Portrait Gallery (Great Britain), Malcolm Rogers. Published by National Portrait Gallery, 1989. ISBN 1-85514-004-7. ''Page 37''.〕〔''The Last Empire: Photography in British India, 1855-1911'', by Clark Worswick, Ainslie Thomas Embree, Asia House Gallery. Edition: illustrated. Published by Aperture, 1976. ISBN 0-912334-99-1. ''Page 4''.〕〔(Bourne & Shepherd ) ''Answers.com''.〕 with agencies all over India, and outlets in London and Paris, and also ran a mail order service.〔(The Nineteenth Century ) ''Travelling Light: Photography, Travel and Visual Culture'', by Peter Osborne. Edition: illustrated. Manchester University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7190-4401-4. Page 44-46.〕 Though some sources consider its inception to be 1862, when noted British photographers, Charles Shepherd established a photographic studio, with Arthur Robertson, called ‘Shepherd & Robertson’ in Agra,〔〔''The British Empire from Photographs: India'', by John Fabb. Published by Batsford, 1986.''Page 16''〕 which later moved to Shimla and eventually became the part of ‘Howard, Bourne & Shepherd’, set up by Samuel Bourne, Charles Shepherd, along with William Howard, first established in Shimla around 1863, Howard's studio in Kolkata dates back to 1840,〔''Magicians of Light: Photographs from the Collection of the National Gallery of Canada'', by National Gallery of Canada, James Borcoman. Published by The Gallery, 1993. ISBN 0-88884-627-4. ''94''〕〔''Re-visioning the Past: Early Photography in Bengal 1875-1915'', by Malavika Karlekar. Edition: illustrated. Oxford University Press, 2005. ISBN 0-19-567155-4. ''Page 50-51''.〕 where it is still operational today, at Esplanade Row, in Esplanade, Kolkata (Calcutta) under the same name.〔(Bourne & Shepherd, Esplanade , Kolkata, India - Image ) ''Flickr〕〔(DOWN MEMORY LAN E: Bourne and Shepherd Studio ) ''Indian Express, July 19, 2007.〕 Today some of their earlier work is preserved at Cambridge University Library,〔 the National Portrait Gallery, London,〔 the National Geographic Society's Image Collection and the Smithsonian Institution.〔(Bourne and Shepherd -113 images ) ''Smithsonian Institution''.〕 ==History== Samuel Bourne came to India in 1863, and set up a partnership with an established Calcutta photographer, William Howard, and they set up a new studio ‘Howard & Bourne’ at Shimla. William Howard had set up the Calcutta studio in 1840. Meanwhile, Charles Shepherd, had already established a photographic studio, with Arthur Robertson, called ‘Shepherd & Robertson’ in Agra in 1862, and subsequently he too moved to Shimla in 1864. At some point Robertson left the business and Charles Shepherd, joined Bourne company to form ‘Howard, Bourne & Shepherd’. In 1863, he made first of three major Himalayan photographic expeditions, followed by another one 1866, prior to which he took an expedition to Kashmir in 1864, in fact all photographic histories of that era carry his works.〔''Digital Heritage: Applying Digital Imaging to Cultural Heritage'', by Lindsay MacDonald. Edition: illustrated. Published by Butterworth-Heinemann, 2006. ISBN 0-7506-6183-6. ''Page 566''〕 He was known to travel heavy, as he moved with a large retinue of 42 coolies carried his cameras, darkroom tent and chests of chemicals and glass plates, he was to become one of India's greatest photographers of that era.〔(Samuel Bourne, who went to India in 1863, became one of the great India photographers... ) ''Telegraph, February 5, 2001.〕 Charles on the other hand became known as a master printer, he stayed back in Shimla and managed the commercial distribution and printing aspects of the business.〔''The History of Photography from the Earliest Use of the Camera Obscura in the Eleventh Century Up to 1914: From the Earliest Use of the Camera Obscura in the Eleventh Century Up to 1914'', by Helmut Gernsheim, Alison Gernsheim. Published by Oxford University Press, 1955.''Page 216''〕 Through the 1860s, Bourne’s work was exhibited in public exhibition in Europe and was also part of the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867. He also wrote several despatches for 'The British Journal of Photography between' 1863-1870,〔〔''The British Journal of Photography'', by Liverpool Photographic Society. Published by H. Greenwood, 1982. ''Page 426''.〕 and the company became an avid provider of the Indian landscape views to the common visitors to the country and also to Britishers back home,〔''Encyclopedia of Photography: Encyclopedia Photography'', by International Center of Photography. Edition: illustrated, Published by Crown, 1984. ISBN 0-517-55271-X. ''Page 75''.〕 and not just survived but the thrived in an era of fierce competition between commercial photographers.〔 In 1866 after the departure of Howard, the company became ‘Bourne & Shepherd’. In 1867 Bourne returned to England briefly to get married and came back to run the new branch in Calcutta,〔(Samuel Bourne ) ''The American Museum of Photography''.〕 soon it became the company premier photographic studios in India, at their peak their work was widely retailed throughout the subcontinent by agents and in Britain through wholesale distributors,〔 and were patronized by the upper echelons of the British Raj as well as Indian royalty, so much so that at one point no official engagement, investiture or local durbar was considered complete without being first captured Bourne & Shepherd photographers.〔''Raj: A Scrapbook of British India, 1877-1947'', by Charles Allen. Edition: illustrated. Published by A. Deutsch, 1977. ISBN 0-233-96921-7.''Page 32''.〕 In 1870, the year when Bourne went back to England,〔''The Dictionary of Art'', by Jane Turner. Published by Grove, 1996. ISBN 1-884446-00-0.''Page 587''.〕 Bourne and Shepherd were operating from Shimla and Calcutta. Soon he started cotton-doubling business at Nottingham, and founded the Britannia Cotton Mills, and also become a local magistrate. He sold off his shares in studios, and left commercial photography all together; we also left behind his archive of some 2,200 glass plate negatives with the studio, which were constantly re-printed and sold, over the following 140 years, until their eventual destruction, in a fire at Bourne & Shepherd’s present studio in Calcutta, on February 6, 1991.〔(Kolkata studio since 1840 )〕 After Bourne’s departure, new photographic work was undertaken by Colin Murray from 1840 to 84, following which in the 1870s Charles Shepherd continued to photograph and at least sixteen Europeans are listed as assistants. Later the Bombay branch was opened in about 1876, operated by Charles Shepherd until his own departure from India around 1879, the branch continued operations till about 1902. In 1880, they even brought their services to as far as Lahore for a month, where they advertised in a local newspaper, in fact newspaper advertising has been a primary reason of the success of many photographers of that era.〔(Samuel Bourne ) harappa.com.〕 Soon their work was widely retailed throughout the subcontinent by agents and in Britain through wholesale distributors.〔 Between 1870 and 1911 the firm sent photographers to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, Nepal and Singapore, had also become Art Publishers, with titles like 'Photographs of Architecture of Gujarat and Rajputana' (1904-5),〔''Report for the Year Ended ...'', by India Office Library and Records'', Published by India Office Library & Records, 1985. ''Page 25, 99''.〕 and were now employing Indian photographers as well.〔''The Corporeal Image: Film, Ethnography, and the Senses'', by David MacDougall. Published by Princeton University Press, 2006. ISBN 0-691-12156-7. ''Page 160''.〕 In 1911, they were the official photographers of the Delhi Durbar held to commemorate the coronation of King George V and Queen Mary as Emperor and Empress of India, where they were given the title, 'Kaiser-e-Hind' which they still use as part of their official letterhead. During World Wars the studio thrived on the contracts for photographing Indian, British and American services personnel.〔 In the following years, the studio changed hands several times, so much so the sequence of owners has been all but lost, however the last European owner, Arthur Musselwhite who took over the studio in the 1930s,〔(ACTIONLINE : Heritage Buildings ) ''Indian Express, November 9, 2005.〕 later after a major business slump following the independence, and exodus of European community and the end of princely states, he held an auction in 1955, in which it was bought over by its present owners, and today the building itself is a heritage property.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bourne & Shepherd」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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